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Full Frame Images (FFI, ffi.fits): These files contain the long cadence time series of the entire field of view. See Section 3 of the Science Product Handbook for information about the calibrated and the uncalibrated versions of these files.
Target Pixel Files (TPF, .tp.fits): These files contain a time series of the raw and calibrated pixels downloaded at the 2-minute cadence.
Light Curve Files (LCF, .lc.fits): These files contain the simple aperture photometry flux time series derived from the calibrated short-cadence pixels. It also contains a conditioned light curve that attempts to remove all signals except for astrophysical ones by co-trending against basis vectors derived from all stars observed in short cadence on the same camera.

TESS Input Catalog (TIC): Catalog of stars used by the TESS mission to select targets to download at short cadence. The TIC is available through the MAST portal and via the API.
Catalog Target List (CTL): Subset of the TIC containing each science groups priorities to obtain short cadence observations.Threshold Crossing Events (TCE): List of ephemerides (TIC number, Period, epoch) of signals that are highly correlated with a transit train. For each TCE, the project provides a highly detrended light curve file and a report showing relevant plots to evaluate whether the signal is a planet.

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For each TCE found, the following products are produced by the TESS Science Processing Pipeline.

DV Time Series Files (.dvt.fits): These files contain the sector-stitched, detrended and whitened light curves searched by the Pipeline. All TCEs found on a star in one search are contained in the same file.
DV Reports (.dvr.pdf): These pdf files contain plots and statistics for each TCE. For example, the reports contain plots of folded light curves and in- and out-of transit difference images.
DV One-Page Summary (.dvs.pdf): This one page summary contains a quick overview of each TCE and much of the most important information about the TCE to determine if the signal is likely caused by a transit or shows evidence of being caused by an eclipsing binary or instrumental noise.

Threshold Crossing Events (TCE): List of ephemerides (TIC number, Period, epoch) of signals that are highly correlated with a transit train. For each TCE, the project provides a highly detrended light curve file and a report showing relevant plots to evaluate whether the signal is a planet.
TESS Objects of Interest (TOI): Table containing the list of signals that are consistent being a transiting planet. This catalog provides a disposition of either planet candidate or false positive which can change as more information is gathered about a target from follow-up and additional analysis of the data.